Hyperthyroidism Mediafire link to PPT

Hyperthyroidism Mediafire link to PPT

Hyperthyroidism

Overactive thyroid

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. The condition is often referred to as an "overactive thyroid."

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

The thyroid gland is an important organ of the endocrine system. It is located in the front of the neck just below the voice box. The gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which control the way every cell in the body uses energy. This process is called your metabolism.

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid releases too much of its hormones over a short (acute) or long (chronic) period of time. Many diseases and conditions can cause this problem, including:

• Getting too much iodine
  
• Graves disease (accounts for most cases of hyperthyroidism)
  
• Inflammation (thyroiditis) of the thyroid due to viral infections or other causes
  
• Noncancerous growths of the thyroid gland or pituitary gland
  
• Taking large amounts of thyroid hormone
  
• Tumors of the testes or ovaries

Related topics:

• Factitious hyperthyroidism
  
• Hypothyroidism
  
• Painless (silent) thyroiditis

Symptoms

• Difficulty concentrating
  
• Fatigue
  
• Frequent bowel movements
  
• Goiter (visibly enlarged thyroid gland) or thyroid nodules
  
• Heat intolerance
  
• Increased appetite
  
• Increased sweating
  
• Irregular menstrual periods in women
  
• Nervousness
  
• Restlessness
  
• Weight loss (rarely, weight gain)
  

Other symptoms that can occur with this disease:

• Breast development in men
  
• Clammy skin
  
• Diarrhea
  
• Hair loss
  
• Hand tremor
  
• Weakness
  
• High blood pressure
  
• Itching - overall
  
• Lack of menstrual periods in women
  
• Nausea and vomiting
  
• Pounding, rapid, or irregular pulse
  
• Protruding eyes (exophthalmos)
  
• Rapid, forceful, or irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
  
• Skin blushing or flushing
  
• Sleeping difficulty

Signs and tests

Physical examination may reveal thyroid enlargement, tremor, hyperactive reflexes, or an increased heart rate. Systolic blood pressure (the first number in a blood pressure reading) may be high.

Subclinical hyperthyroidism is a mild form of hyperthyroidism that is diagnosed by abnormal blood levels of thyroid hormones, often in the absence of any symptoms.


Blood tests are also done to measure levels of thyroid hormones.

• TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) level is usually low
  
• T3 and free T4 levels are usually high

This disease may also affect the results of the following tests:

• Cholesterol test
  
• Glucose test
  
• Radioactive iodine uptake
  
• T3RU
  
• Triglycerides
  
• Vitamin B12 (in rare cases)

Treatment

How the condition is treated depends on the cause and the severity of symptoms. Hyperthyroidism is usually treated with one or more of the following:

• Antithyroid medications
  
• Radioactive iodine (which destroys the thyroid and stops the excess production of hormones)
  
• Surgery to remove the thyroid

If the thyroid must be removed with surgery or destroyed with radiation, you must take thyroid hormone replacement pills for the rest of your life.

Beta-blockers such as propranolol are used to treat some of the symptoms, including rapid heart rate, sweating, and anxiety until the hyperthyroidism can be controlled.

Expectations (prognosis)

Hyperthyroidism is generally treatable and only rarely is life threatening. Some of its causes may go away without treatment.

Hyperthyroidism caused by Graves disease usually gets worse over time. It has many complications, some of which are severe and affect quality of life.

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Irritable bowel syndrome PPT Mediafire Link

Irritable bowel syndrome

Spastic colon; Irritable colon; Mucous colitis; Spastic colitis

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder that leads to abdominal pain and cramping, changes in bowel movements, and other symptoms.

IBS is not the same as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In IBS, the structure of the bowel is not abnormal.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

It is not clear why patients develop IBS. Sometimes it occurs after an infection of the intestines. This is called postinfectious IBS. There may also be other triggers.

The intestine is connected to the brain. Signals go back and forth between the bowel and brain. These signals affect bowel function and symptoms. The nerves can become more active during stress, causing the intestines to be more sensitive and squeeze (contract) more.

IBS can occur at any age, but it often begins in the teen years or early adulthood. It is twice as common in women as in men.

About 1 in 6 people in the U.S. have symptoms of IBS. It is the most common intestinal problem that causes patients to be referred to a bowel specialist (gastroenterologist).

 

 

Symptoms

Symptoms range from mild to severe. Most people have mild symptoms. Symptoms are different from person to person.

The main symptoms of IBS are abdominal pain, fullness, gas, and bloating that have been present for at least 3 days a month for the last 3 months. The pain and other symptoms will often:

• Be reduced or go away after a bowel movement
  
• Occur when there is a change in how often you have bowel movements

People with IBS may switch between constipation and diarrhea, or mostly have one or the other.

• People with diarrhea will have frequent, loose, watery stools. They will often have an urgent need to have a bowel movement, which may be hard to control.
  
• Those with constipation will have a hard time passing stool, as well as fewer bowel movements. They will often need to strain and will feel cramps with a bowel movement. Often, they do not release any stool, or only a small amount.

For some people, the symptoms may get worse for a few weeks or a month, and then decrease for a while. For other people, symptoms are present most of the time.

People with IBS may also lose their appetite.

Signs and tests

Most of the time, your doctor can diagnose IBS based on your symptoms, with few or no tests. Eating a lactose-free diet for 2 weeks may help the doctor check for a possible lactase deficiency.

There is no test to diagnose IBS. Tests may be done to rule out other problems:

• Blood tests to see if you have celiac disease or a low blood count (anemia)
  
• Stool cultures to check for an infection

Some patients will have colonoscopy. During this test, a flexible tube is inserted through the anus to examine the colon. You may need this test if:

• Symptoms began later in life (over age 50)
  
• You have symptoms such as weight loss or bloody stools
  
• You have abnormal blood tests (such as a low blood count)

Other disorders that can cause similar symptoms include:

• Celiac disease
  
• Colon cancer (cancer rarely causes typical IBS symptoms, unless symptoms such as weight loss, blood in the stools, or abnormal blood tests are also present)
  
• Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms.

Lifestyle changes can help in some cases of IBS. For example, regular exercise and improved sleep habits may reduce anxiety and help relieve bowel symptoms.

Dietary changes can be helpful. However, no specific diet can be recommended for IBS, because the condition differs from one person to another.

The following changes may help:

• Avoid foods and drinks that stimulate the intestines (such as caffeine, tea, or colas)
  
• Avoid large meals
  
• Increase fiber in the diet (this may improve constipation but make bloating worse)

Talk with your doctor before taking over-the-counter medications.
No one medication will work for everyone. Medications your doctor might try include:

• Anticholinergic medications (dicyclomine, propantheline, belladonna, and hyoscyamine) taken about a half-hour before eating to control intestine muscle spasms
  
• Bisacodyl to treat constipation
  
• Loperamide to treat diarrhea
  
• Low doses of tricyclic antidepressants to help relieve intestinal pain
  
• Lubiprostone for constipation symptoms
  
• Rifaximin, an antibiotic

Therapy may help in cases of severe anxiety or depression.

Expectations (prognosis)

Irritable bowel syndrome may be a lifelong condition. For some people, symptoms are disabling and reduce the ability to work, travel, and attend social events.

Symptoms can often be improved or relieved through treatment.
IBS does not cause permanent harm to the intestines, and it does not lead to a serious disease, such as cancer.

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